Problem Set 8.9: | 11 | 12 | 17 | 23 | 26 | 27 | 30 | 32 | 33 | 35 | 38 | 40 | 42 | 46 | 48 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 59 | 60 | 65 | 66 | 69 | 80 | Go up
 - by Sonja Scherer, To Chong, and Chris Murray, 2002

11. A child rolls a ball on a lever floor 4.5m to another child. If the ball makes 15.0 revolutions, what is its diameter? 

Here we use the tangential relationship between the tangential displacement, angle and radius:
s = rq

But first we need the angle in radians:
(15.0 revolutions)(2
p radians/rev) = 94.25 radians

Finally:
s = rq 
4.5 m = r(94.25 radians)
r = 0.047746483 m, but they wanted diameter (TRICKY!!!!!!!), so double this
diameter = 0.0955 m
(Table of contents)

12. A bicycle with 68-cm-diameter tires travels 7.0km. How many revolutions do the wheels make? 

Here we use the tangential relationship between the tangential displacement, angle and radius:
s = rq : r = .68/2 = .34 m, s = 7000 m
q = (20588.23529 radians)(rev/2p radians) = 3276.7 rev = 3300 rev
(Table of contents)

17. A 70-cm-diameter wheel accelerates uniformly from 160rpm to 280rpm in 4.0s. Determine (a) its angular acceleration, and (b) the radial and tangential components of the linear acceleration of the point on the edge of the wheel 2.0s after it has started accelerating? 

wo = (160 Revolutions/Minute)(2p radians/revolution)(1 minute/60 sec) = 16.76 rad/s
w = (280 Revolutions/Minute)(2p radians/revolution)(1 minute/60 sec) = 29.32 rad/s
t = 4.0 s

r = (.70 m)/2 = .35 m

Now apply:
w = wo + a
a = 3.1416 rad/s/s = 3.1 rad/s/s
The tangential acceleration is uniform throughout the interval, and given by the tangential relationship:
a = ar= (3.1416 rad/s/s)( .35 m) = 1.1 m/s/s

Since the centripetal acceleration depends on the angular velocity, and that changes throughout the interval, we need to find what the angular velocity is at t = 2.0 s
w = wo + at
w = 16.76 rad/s + (3.1416 rad/s/s)(2.0 s) = 23.03834613 rad/s
And now use centripetal acceleration:
a = rw2 = (.35 m)(23.03834613 rad/s)2 = 185.7678873 = 190 m/s/s of radial or centripetal acceleration
(Table of contents)

23. Pilots can be tested for the stress of flying high-speed jets in a whirling "human centrifuge" which takes 1.0 min to turn through 20 complete revolutions before reaching its final speed. (a) What was its angular acceleration (assume constant), and (b) what was its final speed in rpm? 

Another cute kinematics question.
q = (20. rev)(2p radians/rev) = 125.7 radians
t = 1.0 min = 60. sec
wo = 0

I am going  to choose
q = wot + 1/2at2 :q  = 125.7 radians; t = 60 s;wo = 0
a = 0.070 rad/s/s

For the final velocity, I could use
w = wo + at
But that is not my favorite way to do it, and besides, I would have to use the answer I got previously, which could be wrong, so I will use my favorite kinematic formula:
s = (u+v)t/2
Which is this translated in to angular form:
q = (wo+w)t/2 : wo = 0; t = 60 s; q  = 125.7 radians
w  = (4.188790205rad/s)(revolution/2p rad)(60 sec/min) = 40 RPM

So it came out even????  What if we did not turn everything into radians and left it in minutes and revolutions:
q = (wo+w)t/2 : wo = 0; t = 1.0 min; q  = 20 rev
w = 2q/t = 2(20 rev)/(1 min) = 40 rev/min = 40 RPM slick.  You can save time by using original units sometimes
(Table of contents)

26. A small rubber wheel is used to drive a large pottery wheel, and they are mounted so that their circular edges touch. If the small wheel has the radius of 2.0cm and the accelerates at the rate of 7.2rad/s2 , and it is in contact with the pottery wheel (radius 25.0cm) without slipping, calculate (a) the angular acceleration of the pottery wheel, and (b) the type it takes the pottery wheel to reach its required speed of 65rpm.

Since the wheels touch, they share tangential everything, (if they do not slip).  They have the same tangential displacement, velocity, and acceleration:

Since the tangential accelerations are the same, and given by:
a =
ra
Then we can say that if a1 = a2 , then 
r1a1 = r2a2
So for our 2.0 cm driving wheel with an angular acceleration of 7.2 rad/s/s, and the 25.0 cm pottery wheel:
(.020 m)(7.2 rad/s/s) = (.25 m)
a2
a2 = 0.576 rad/s/s

Now we just have a cute kinematics problem to solve:
wo = (65 Revolutions/Minute)(2p radians/revolution)(1 minute/60 sec) = 6.807 rad/s
w = 0
a = 0.576 rad/s/s
To find time, use:
w = wo + at : wo = 6.807 rad/s; w = 0; a = 0.576 rad/s/s
t = 11.8 s = 12 s
(Table of contents)

27. The tires of a car make 65 revolutions as the car reduces its speed uniformly from 100km/h to 50km/h. The tires have the diameter of 0.80m. (a) What was the angular acceleration? (b) If the car continues to decelerate at this rate, how much more time is required for it to stop? 

First - get rid of km/h:
u = (100 km/hr)(1 m/s/3.6km/hr) = 27.78 m/s
v = (50 km/hr)(1 m/s/3.6km/hr) = 13.89 m/s
And they give you the Diameter, and we'd better use the radius
r = dia/2 = .80 m/2 = .40 m

Now we can use the tangential velocity relationship to find the
wo and w:
v = rw
so
w = v/r
wo = u/r = (27.78 m/s)/(.40 m) = 69.44 rad/s
w  = v/r = (13.89 m/s)/(.40 m) = 34.72 rad/s
q = (65 rev)(2p radians/rev) = 408.41 radians

Now we can find the angular acceleration (deceleration?) with:
w2 = wo2 + 2aq : wo = 69.44 rad/s; w  = 34.72 rad/s; q = 408.41 radians
a = -4.4281 rad/s/s

To find the additional time required to bring the car to a halt, we just solve another kinematics problem.  Since we already have the angular deceleration, and since when the angular velocity of the wheels of the car is zero, the linear velocity is also zero (if the car does not skid) then we can just solve to the time required to get to zero angular velocity. So for 34.72 rad/s to zero:
wo = 34.72 rad/s
w = 0
a = -4.4281 rad/s/s
To find time, use:
w = wo + a
t = 7.841 s = 7.8 s
(Table of contents)

30. A person exerts a force of 45N on the end of a door 84cm wide. What is the magnitude of the torque if the force is exerted (a) perpendicular to the door, and (b) at a 600 angle to the face of the door? 

The formula for torque is:
t = r x F = rFsinq
So for the 60o angle: 
t = (.84 m)(45 N)sin(60o) = 32.7 Nm = 33 Nm

If the force is applied at a 90o angle to the radius, the factor
sinq becomes 1, and really the torque is:
t = rF = (.84 m)(45 N) = 37.8 Nm = 38 Nm
(Table of contents)

32. If the coefficient of static friction between tires and pavement is 0.75, calculate the minimum torque that must be applied to the 66-cm-diameter tire of a 1080kg automobile in order to "lay rubber" (make the wheel spin, slipping as the car accelerates). Assume each tire supports an equal share of the weight. 

If each wheel supports an equal share of the weight, then
F = ma
F = (1080 kg)(9.80 N/kg) = 10584 N is divided into four equal parts, so the normal force at each tire is
FN = (10584 N)/4 = 2646 N

This means that the maximum static force of friction tangential to the drive wheels must be:
Ffr = µsFN = (.75)(2646 N) = 1984.5 N

The formula for torque is:
t = r x F = rFsinq
Since the road must be tangential to the tire,  the force is applied at a 90o angle to the radius, so the factor
sinq becomes 1, and really the torque is:
t = rF = (.33 m)(1984.5 N) = 654.9 Nm = 650 Nm
(They gave you the diameter - .66 m diameter, .33m radius)
(Table of contents)

33.

The bolts on the cylinder head of an engine require tightening to a torque of 80m.N. If a wrench is 30cm long, what force perpendicular to the wrench must the mechanic exert at its end? If the six-sided bolt head is 15mm in diameter, estimate the force applied near each of the six points by a rocket wrench.

The formula for torque is:
t = r x F = rFsinq
Since force is applied at a 90o angle to the radius, so the factor
sinq becomes 1, and really the torque is:
t = rF 
t = 80 Nm
r = .30 m
F = (80 Nm)/(.30 m) = 266.67 N, 

This force is much greater at the locale of the bolt head itself, with a diameter of 15 mm, or radius of 7.5 mm:
t = rF 
t = 80 Nm
r = 7.5x10-3 m
F = (80 Nm)/(7.5x10-3 m) = 10666.7 N, which divided by the six sides is:
F = 1777.8 N = 1800 N per side
(Table of contents)

35. Calculate the moment of inertia of a 66.7cm-diameter bicycle wheel. The rim and tire have a combined mass of 1.25kg. The mass of the hub can be ignored (why?).

The moments of inertia are listed on p. 223, and a thin hoop through its center is:
I =
mr2
m = 1.25 kg
r = (.667 m)/2 = .3335 m (They gave you the diameter)
so 
I =
(1.25 kg)(.3335 m)2 = 1.16 kgm2 = the book gives 1.39 as the answer - but I think it is wrong.....

Because the distance from the center is so small for the hub, its mass can be ignored.  One might wonder how you could easily mass just the rim and tire....
(Table of contents)

38.A small 1.05kg ball on the end of the light rod is rotated in a horizontal circle of a radius 0.900 m. Calculate (a) the moment of inertia of the system about the axis of rotation, and (b) the torque needed to keep the ball rotating at a constant angular velocity if air resistance exerts a force of 0.0800N on the ball. 

I think "light" is a code word for massless.  (If this makes you angry - try not to Coop up your anger - just let it out!!!)
A mass on a stick has the same moment of inertia as a thin hoop:
I = mr2
I =
(1.05 kg)(.900)2 = 0.8505 kgm2

If the mass is moving at a constant angular velocity, then it is not accelerating, and the only necessary torque merely cancels out the torque applied by the frictional force of .0800 N acting at a radius of .900 m on the ball:
Since force is applied at a 90o angle to the radius, so the factor
sinq becomes 1, and really the torque is:
t = (.0800 N)(.900 m) =  .072 Nm
(Table of contents)

40. A grinding wheel is a uniform cylinder with a radius of 8.5cm and a mass of 0.580kg. Calculate (a) its moment of inertia about its center, and (b) the applied torque needed to accelerate it from rest to 1500rpm in 5.00s if it is known to slow down from 1500rpm to rest in 55.0s. 

The moments of inertia are listed on p. 223, and a uniform cylinder through its center is:
I =
1/2mr2
so 
I =
1/2(.580 kg)(.0850 m)2 = 0.00209525 kgm2

Now, if it slows down from 1500 RPM to rest, there must be a frictional torque present, so let's figure that out first:
To go from 1500 RPM to rest in 55.0 s:
wo = (1500 Revolutions/Minute)(2p radians/revolution)(1 minute/60 sec) = 157.08 rad/s
w = 0
t = 55.0 s

Now apply:
w = wo + a
a = -2.856 rad/s/s

And finally the angular equivalent of F = ma:
t = Ia
t = (0.00209525 kgm2)(-2.856 rad/s/s) = -0.005984 Nm of frictional torque



To go from rest to 1500 RPM in 5.00 s:
wo = 0
w = (1500 Revolutions/Minute)(2p radians/revolution)(1 minute/60 sec) = 157.08 rad/s
t = 5.00 s

Now apply:
w = wo + a
a = 31.41592654 rad/s/s

And finally the angular equivalent of F = ma, but this time we have more than one torque, we have the unknown torque which I will make positive, and a frictional torque of -0.005984 Nm acting counter to this, which I will make negative:
t = Ia
<t -0.005984 Nm> = (0.00209525 kgm2)(31.41592654 rad/s/s
t = 0.06582 Nm + 0.005984 Nm = 0.0718 Nm
(Table of contents)

42. A day-care worker pushes tangentially on a small hand-driven merry-go-round and is able to accelerate it from rest to a spinning rate of 20rpm in 10.0s. Assume the merry-go-round is a disk of a radius 2.5m and has a mass of 800kg, and two children (each with a mass of 25 kg) sit opposite each other on the edge. Calculate the torque required to produce the acceleration, neglecting frictional torque. What force is required?

wo = 0
w = (20 Revolutions/Minute)(2p radians/revolution)(1 minute/60 sec) = 2.0944 rad/s
t = 10.0 s

The moments of inertia are listed on p. 223, and a uniform cylinder through its center is:
I =
1/2mr2
so 
I =
1/2(800 kg)(2.5 m)2 = 2500 kgm2
But this is just the Merry-go-round, we need the total moment of inertia.  Treating the children as point 25 kg masses at the edge (r = 2.5 m) their moment of inertia would be each:
I =
mr2 = (25 kg)(2.5 m)2 = 156.25 kgm2

The total moment of inertia is
I = 2500 kgm2 + 156.25 kgm2 + 156.25 kgm2 = 2812.5 kgm2

Now apply:
w = wo + at : wo = 0; w  = 2.0944 rad/s; t = 10.0 s
a = 0.20943951 rad/s/s


And finally the angular equivalent of F = ma:
t = Ia
t = (2812.5 kgm2)(0.20943951 rad/s/s) = 589 Nm of torque

Since force is applied at a 90o angle to the radius,  the torque is:
t = rF 

So F =
t/r = (589.05 Nm)/(2.5 m) = 236 N = 240 N
(Table of contents)

46. A helicopter rotor blade can be considered a long thin rod, as shown in Fig. 8-42. If each of the three rotor helicopter blades is 3.75m long and has a mass of 160kg, calculate the moment of inertia of the three rotor blades about the axis of rotation. How much torque must the motor apply to bring the blades up to a speed of 5.0rev/s in 8.0s?

The moments of inertia are listed on p. 223, and a long thin rod through its end is:
I =
1/3ML2
so each rotor has a moment of inertia of:
I =
1/3(160 kg)(3.75 m)2 = 2500 kgm2 = 750 kgm2
Three rotors would have three times this moment:
I = (750 kgm2)3 = 2250 kgm2


Now we need to solve a cute kinematics question:
wo = 0
w = (5 Revolutions/s)(2p radians/revolution) = 31.416 rad/s
t = 8.0 s

Now apply:
w = wo + a
a = 3.927 rad/s/s

And now find the torque using F = ma:
t = Ia
t = (2250 kgm2)(3.927 rad/s/s) = 8836 Nm = 8800 Nm of torque
(Table of contents)

48. An Atwood's machine consists of two masses, m1 and m2, which are connected by a massless inelastic cord that passes over a pulley, Fig.8-44. If the pulley has radius R and moment  of inertia I about its axle, determine the acceleration of the masses m1 and m2, and compare to the situation in which the moment of inertia of the pulley is ignored. [Hint: The tensions Ft1 and Ft2 are not necessarily equal.]

Let T1 = the tension in the cord above m1, and 
T2 = the tension in the cord above m2
I = the pulley moment of inertia
R = pulley radius

The hint they give is valid, if you consider the system in acceleration, (I will assume that the m1 accelerates downwards) then T1 must be bigger than T2 as it is this difference that causes the pulley to accelerate.  
Let's start with the pulley.  It has two torques, a clockwise torque due to T2:
t = rF = RT2
And a ACW (Anti Clockwise) torque die to T1:
t = rF = RT1

Making ACW positive (That is, I am guessing that this is the direction the system will go) the net torque is:
tnet = RT1- RT2

Which is equal to
Ia
tnet = Ia = RT1- RT2

But be want to make everything linear, so substitute:
  a = a/r:
Ia = rT1- rT2
I(a/R) = rT1- rT2
Divide both sides by R
Ia/R2 = T1- T2

And now there are two other objects to set up F = ma equations for:
Mass 1:
<m1g - T1> = m1a

Mass 2:
<T2 - m2g> = m2a

So now we have three unknowns, T1, T2 and a, and these three equations:
1/2Ma = T1- T2
<m1g - T1> = m1a
<T2 - m2g> = m2a

Should be solvable, and the obvious recipe is to solve the last two for T1 and T2, and plug these into the first:
<m1g - T1> = m1a
T1 = m1g - m1a

<T2 - m2g> = m2a
T2 = m2a + m2g

Finally, put these into 
Ia/R2 = T1- T2
Ia/R2 = (m1g - m1a)- (m2a + m2g) = m1g - m1a- m2a - m2g

Good golly, I guess we're solving for a, so let's get all terms with acceleration in it on the left side:
Ia/R2 + m1a + m2a m1g - m2g = g(m1 - m2)
Factor out the a:
a(
I/R2 + m1 + m2) g(m1 - m2)
a = g(m1 - m2)
/(I/R2 + m1 + m2)

Without the moment of inertia of the pulley it is just the two mass equations we have to solve:
<T - m2g> = m2a
<m1g - T> = m1a
If the pulley has no moment of inertia, then T1 and T2 are the same
adding the two equations together:
<T - m2g> = m2a
<m1g - T> = m1a
m1g - m2g = m2a + m1a = a(m2 + m1)
a = (m1 - m2)g/(m2 + m1)
Which is exactly what we got in the previous part, but without the inertial term of the pulley of I/R2.
(Table of contents)

53. A merry-go-round has a mass of 1640kg and a radius of 8.20m. How much net work is required to accelerate it from rest to a rotation rate of one revolution in 8.00s? (Assume it is a solid cylinder).

w  = Dq/Dt = (1 Revolution)(2p radians/revolution)/(8.00 s) = 0.7854 rad/s

The moments of inertia are listed on p. 223, and a cylinder through the center is:
I =
1/2mr2
so the merry-go-round has a moment of inertia of:
I =
1/2(1640 kg)(8.20 m)2 = 2500 kgm2 = 55136.8 kgm2

The energy required would be the kinetic energy it has when you are done:

Ek rot = 1/2Iw2
Ek rot = 1/2(55136.8 kgm2)(0.7854 rad/s)2 = 17006 J = 1.70 x104 J
(Table of contents)

54. (a) Calculate the translational and rotational speed of sphere (radius 20.0cm and mass 1.20kg), that rolls without slipping down a 30.00 incline that is 10.0m long, when it reaches the bottom. Assume it started from rest. (b) What is its ratio of translational to rotational KE at the bottom? Try to avoid putting in numbers until the end so you can answer: (c) do your answer in (a) and (b) depend on the radius of the sphere or its mass?

Let's use energy for this guy, but first we must calculate the height, which would be opp = hyp(sinq), so the height is h = (10.0 m)sin(30o) = 5.00 m

Assuming the sphere starts at rest, it has only potential energy at the top of the plane, and at the bottom, as it is rolling, it has both translational and rotational kinetic energy.  So our energy equation looks like:
mgh = 
= 1/2mv2 1/2Iw2  

I am going to substitute to get rid of angular quantities.
I = 2/5mr2 for a sphere, and  w = v/r:

mgh
= 1/2mv2 1/2(2/5mr2)(v/r)2  
mgh
= 1/2mv2 1/2(2/5mr2)(v2/r2)

cancel the
r2
mgh
= 1/2mv2 1/2(2/5m)(v2)
mgh
= 1/2mv2 (2/10m)(v2) = 7/10mv2  
mgh
= 7/10mv2

finally cancel the m
gh
= 7/10v2

so the final velocity is
v =
Ö(10gh/7) = Ö(10(9.80 m/s/s)(5.00 m)/7) = 8.367 m/s

Now we can find the angular velocity of the marble:  
w = v/r = (8.367 m/s)/(.20 m) = 41.83 rad/s

The rotational kinetic energy can be found from the linear velocity if we follow the substitutions:
Ekrot
1/2Iw2  = 1/2(2/5mr2)(v/r)2 = (2/10m)(v2


Now let's find the translational kinetic energy:
KE
= 1/2mv
The ratio of these is 

Ratio = {1/2mv2 }/{(2/10m)(v2)}= {1/2 }/{2/10}= 2.5 - and no, it does not depend on the radius or mass of the sphere.
Table of contents)

55. Two masses, m1 = 18.0kg and  m2=26.5kg, are connected by a rope that hangs over a pulley (as in Fig.8-44). The pulley is a uniform cylinder of radius 0.26m and mass 7.50kg. Initially, m1 is on the ground, and m2 rests 3.00m above the ground. If the system is now released, use conservation of energy to determine the speed of m2 just before it strikes the ground. Assume the pulley is frictionless.

Before After

Energy time.  The potential energy of mass 1 goes to the translational kinetic energies of both masses and to the rotational kinetic energy of the pulley as well as the potential energy of mass 2, just before mass 1 strikes the ground:

m2gh
= 1/2m1v2 +1/2m2v2 + m1gh +  1/2Iw2 

Substitute for the rotational term:
w = v/r
I = 1/2mr2

m2gh
= 1/2m1v2 +1/2m2v2 + m1gh +  1/2(1/2Mr2)(v/r)2
m2gh
= 1/2m1v2 +1/2m2v2 + m1gh +  1/4Mv2

Now solve for the final velocity:
m2gh -m1gh
= 1/2m1v2 +1/2m2v2 1/4Mv2
m2gh -m1gh
= v2( 1/2m1 +1/2m21/4M)
gh(m2 -m1)
= v2( 1/2m1 +1/2m21/4M)
gh(m2 -m1)/
( 1/2m1 +1/2m21/4M) = v2
v =
Ö{gh(m2 -m1)/( 1/2m1 +1/2m21/4M)}
v =
Ö{(9.80 m/s/s)(3.00 m)(25.6 kg -18.0 kg)/( 1/2(25.6 kg) +1/2(18.0 kg) +  1/4(7.50 kg))}
v = 3.072 m/s - which is correct, and the book gets 3.22, which is wrong I think
(Table of contents)

59. A diver (such as the one shown in Fig. 8-28) can reduce her moment of inertia by a factor of about 3.5 when changing from the straight position to the tuck position. If she makes two rotations in 1.5s when in the tuck position, what is her angular speed (rev/s) when in the straight position?

This is a conservation of angular momentum problem.  The angular kinetic energy would not be conserved as the diver would do work in tucking that would be manifested as rotational kinetic energy.  (it would go up)
Now, the formula for angular momentum is:
L = Iw
So basically, L before = L after:
I1w1 = I2w2
Let I1 be the moment of inertia when she is straight, and I2 be the moment in the tucked position:
I1 = (3.5)I2
w1 = (2 rev)/(1.5 s) = 1.3333 rev/s
(3.5)I2
w1 = I2(1.3333 rev/s)
(3.5)
w1 = (1.3333 rev/s)
w1 = (1.3333 rev/s)/(3.5) = 0.38 rev/s
(Table of contents)

60. A figure skater during her final can increase her rotation rate from an initial rate of 1.0 rev every 2.0s to a final rate of 3.0rev/s. If her initial moment of inertia was 4.6kg.m2 , what is her final moment of inertia? How does she physically accomplish this change?

This is a conservation of angular momentum problem.  
Now, the formula for angular momentum is:
L = Iw
So basically, L before = L after:
I1w1 = I2w2
w1 = (1 rev)/(2 s) = .5 rev/s
w
2 = 3.0 rev/s
I1 = 4.6 kgm2
(4.6 kgm2)(.5 rev/s) = I2(3.0 rev/s)
I2 = 0.77 kgm2 (Note that the units cancel, so we don't have to convert to radians per second)
Skaters can change their moment of inertia by pulling in their arms and legs closer tot he axis of rotation
(Table of contents)

65. A uniform disk, such as a record turntable, turn at 7.0rev/s around a frictionless spindle. A non-rotating rod, of the same mass as the disk and length equal to the disk's diameter, is dropped onto the freely spinning disk. They then both turn around the spindle with their centers superposed, Fig. 8-46. What is the angular velocity in rev/s of the combination?

The formula for angular momentum is:
L = Iw
Conservation of angular momentum says that  L before = L after:
I1w1 = I2w2

The moments of inertia are listed on p. 223 in your text, a disk or cylinder through the center is:
I = 1/2mr2

And a thin rod through the center is
I = 1/12ml2
and the rod is 2r long, so the moment of inertia in terms of r is:
I = 1/12m(2r)2
I = 4/12mr2 = 1/3mr2

So the moment of inertia before the rod is dropped on is just the disk:
I1 = 1/2mr2

And after it the rod is dropped on, it is both moments:
I21/2mr2 +   1/3mr2 5/6mr2

So plug these into:
I1w1 = I2w2

(1/2mr2)(7.0 rev/s) = (5/6mr2)w2
(1/2)(7.0 rev/s) = (5/6)w2
w2 = 4.2 rev/s
(Table of contents)

66. A person of a mass 75kg stands at the center of a rotating merry-go-round platform of radius 3.0m and moment of inertia 1000kg.m2 . The platform rotates without friction with angular velocity 2.0rad/s. The person walks radially to the edge of the platform. (a) Calculate the angular velocity when the person reaches to the edge. (b) Compare the rotational kinetic energies of the system of platform plus person before and after the person's walk.

This is a conservation of angular momentum problem.  
Now, the formula for angular momentum is:
L = Iw
So basically, L before = L after:
I1w1 = I2w2
The trick to solving these is to figure out what the change in moment of inertia is, and then apply the concept of conservation of angular momentum to it.
With a person on a merry-go-round, the moment of inertia would be the moment of inertia of the person plus the moment of inertia of the merry-go-round.
In this case the person starts at the center of the rotating merry-go-round, and so I think we are to say their moment of inertia is zero or negligible (it would be small), but then they move to the outside edge of the merry-go-round, and in the after picture, have a significant moment of inertia.  The moment of inertia of the merry-go-round is the same before and after and given as 1000 kgm2

So the total moment of inertia before is just that of the merry-go-round itself:
I1 =  1000 kgm2

When the person walks to the edge, they have a moment of inertia due to a point mass
I = mr2 = (75 m)(3.0 m)2   = 675 kgm2

So the total moment of inertia after they walk to the edge is:
I2 =  1000 kgm2 + 675 kgm2 = 1675 kgm2   


Now we are ready to apply conservation of angular momentum:
I1w1 = I2w2
(1000 kgm2)(2.0 rad/s) = (1675 kgm2)
w2
w2 = 1.194 rad/s

Now let's calculate the rotational kinetic energy before and after:
Before:
Ek rot = 1/2I1w12  
Ek rot = 1/2(1000 kgm2)(2.0 rad/s)2 = 2000 J

After:
Ek rot = 1/2I2w22    
Ek rot = 1/2(1675 kgm2)(1.194 rad/s)2 = 1194. J

The final kinetic energy is (1194. J)/(2000 J) = 60. % of the original, a decrease of 40.%
We would not expect the kinetic energy to remain constant.  It does not, because the system does work on the person as they move toward the outside.  (As they move out, they have to exert a retarding force to keep from speeding up - there is a "centrifugal" force trying to make them go to the outside, so the effect is the same as moving a box from a high shelf to a low shelf, you exert an upward force, but the displacement is downward, so the work is negative)
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69. Suppose our Sun eventually collapses in a white dwarf, in the process losing about half its mass and winding up with a radius 1.0 percent of its existing radius. Assuming the loss mass carries away no angular momentum, what would the sun's new rotation rate be? (Take the Sun's current period to be about 30 days.) What would be its final KE in term of its initial KE of today?

This is a conservation of angular momentum problem.  
Now, the formula for angular momentum is:
L = Iw
So  L before = L after:
I1w1 = I2w2
The trick to solving these is to figure out what the change in moment of inertia is, and then apply the concept of conservation of angular momentum to it.
The sun and the white dwarf will both be spherical, (one might argue with the idea that they are homogeneous, as the density of the edge of the sun is not nearly what it is in the center...but, let's not worry about this...)

A uniform sphere (p. 223) is 2/5mr2:
I12/5mr2 2/5MR2   
Where M and R are the current mass and radius
And 
w1 =1 rev/30 days

After, the sun has half the mass, and 1/100 the radius:
I22/5(M/2)(R/100)2   =  (2/5MR2)/(20,000)

Plugging into conservation of angular momentum:
I1w1 = I2w2
( 2/5MR2)(1 rev/30 days) = (2/5MR2)/(20,000)
w2
(1 rev/30 days) = w2/(20,000)
w2 = (20,000)(1 rev/30 days)
w2 = (20,000)(1 rev/30 days)(2p radians/revolution)(1day/24.3600 sec) = 0.048481368 rad/sec = .048 rad/sec

As for the ratio of kinetic energies, 
Before:
Ek rot = 1/2Iowo2 1/2(2/5MR2)(1 rev/30 days)2
After:
Ek rot = 1/2Iowo2 1/2(2/5(M/2)(R/100)2)((20,000)(1 rev/30 days))2
Ek rot = 1/2Iowo2 = (20,000)2/(20,000){ 1/2(2/5MR2)(1 rev/30 days)2}

Which is just 20,000 times what it was before
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80. A uniform rod of mass M and length L can pivot freely (i.e., we ignore friction) about a hinge attached to a wall, as in Fig. 8-50. The rod is held horizontally and then released. At this moment of release, determine (a) the angular acceleration of the rod and (b) the linear acceleration of the tip of the rod. Assume that the force of gravity acts at the center of the mass of the rod, as shown. [Hint: See Fig. 8-20g.]

To find the angular acceleration of the system, ultimately we are going to use the angular equivalent of F = ma:
t = Ia
We just have to figure out the torque, and the moment of inertia.
For the moment of inertia, let's use a thin rod rotating about its end:
I = 1/3ML2

For the torque, lets assume that the entire weight Mg acts at a point midway from the hinged end L/2:
t = rF = (L/2)(Mg) = LMg/2

Now we are ready to use
t = Ia
LMg/2 = (1/3ML2)a
3
LMg = 2ML2a
3
Mg = 2MLa
3
g = 2La
a = 3g/2L

The tangential acceleration is
a = a

Since the radius at the very end is L
a = ar = (3g/2L)L = 3g/2 which is greater than the acceleration of gravity.  This is why it would pull away from an object that was just placed on it at the tip
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