Topic 1 - Physics and physical measurement

     A_H = A cosq

      A_V = A cosq

Topic 7  Measurement and uncertainties

      If y = a + b, then  

      Dy = Da + Db

      If y = ab/c, then

      Dy/y = Da/a + Db/b + Dc/c

Topic 2 Mechanics

      v_av  = Ds/Dt

      a_av  = Dv/Dt

      v = u + at

      s = (u + v)/₂ t

      s = ut +¹/₂at²

      v² = u² + 2as

      s: displacement

      t: time

      u: initial speed

      v: final speed

      a: acceleration

      F = ma

      p = mv

     F = Dp/Dt

     Impulse = FDt = mDv

     W = Fs cosq

  E_k = ¹/₂mv²

    E_k = p²/2m    

     DE_p = mgDh

     F = kx

     E_elas = ¹/₂kx²

     power = work/time = Fv

     a = v²/r = 4p²r/T²

      g = F/m 

      g = G(m/r²)

      F = -G(m₁m₂/r)

      V = -G(m/r)

      T²/R³ = constant

      F_fr < m_sF_N

      F_fr = m_kF_N

       t = Frsinq

Topic 3  Thermal Physics

      p = F/A

      DQ = mcDT

      DQ = mL

      pV = nRT

Topic 9  Thermal Physics

      DW = pDV

      DQ = DU + DW

      +DQ = thermal energy transferred to the system

      +DU = increase in internal energy of the system

      +DW = work done by the system

      efficiency = (Q_h - Q_c)/Q_h

      Q_h/T_h = Q_c/T_c   (Carnot cycle)

      efficiency = (T_h - T_c)/T_h  (Carnot cycle)

Topic 4  Waves

      f = 1/T

      v = fl

      sinq₁/sinq₂ = v₁/v₂

      n₁sinq₁ = n₂sinq₂

      n = c/v

Topic 10 Waves

      f' = f(1/(1 + v_s/v) )   Moving source

      f' = f(1 + (v₀/v))    Moving observer

      F_beat = |f₁ - f₂|

      d sinq = nl

      s = lD/d

Topic 5  Electricity and Magnetism

  F = k(q₁q₂/r²) = (1/4pe₀)(q₁q₂/r²)

  E = F/q

  E = kq/r²

  E = V/d

  I = Dq/Dt

  R = V/I

  P = VI = I²R = V²/R

  R = R₁ + R₂

  1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂

  F = qvB sinq

  F = IlB sinq

  B = m₀I/(2pr)

  B = m₀(NI/l) = m_onI

  F/l = (m₀/2p)(I₁I₂/r)

Topic 11 Electromagnetism

  V = kq/r = (1/4pe₀)(q/r)

  E = -DV/Dx

     F = BA cosqf

     e = Bvl

     e = -NDf/Dt

  V_p/V_s = N_p/N_s

  I_rms = I₀/Ö2

  V_rms = V₀/Ö2

Topic 6  Atomic and nuclear physics

  E = mc²

Topic 12  Quantum physics and nuclear physics

  E = hf

  hf = f + E_k(max)

  hf = hf₀ + eV_s

  p = h/l

  N = N₀e^-lt

  T_1/2 = ln 2/l

  Option A  Mechanics Extension

  g = F/m

  g = G(m/r²)

  F = G(m₁m₂/r²)

  E_p = -G(m₁m₂/r²)

  V = -G(m/r)

  T²/R³ = constant

  F_fr < m_sF_n

  F_fr = m_kF_n

   t = Fr sinq

  Option B  Quantum physics and nuclear physics

  E = hf

  hf = f + E_k(max)

  hf = hf₀ + eV_s

  p = h/l

  N = N₀e^-lt

  T_1/2 = ln 2/l

  Option C  Energy extension

      DW = pDV

      DQ = DU + DW

      +DQ = thermal energy transferred to the system

      +DU = increase in internal energy of the system

      +DW = work done by the system

      efficiency = (Q_h - Q_c)/Q_h

      Q_h/T_h = Q_c/T_c   (Carnot cycle)

      efficiency = (T_h - T_c)/T_h  (Carnot cycle)

      power = 1/2rAv³

  Option D  Biomedical Physics

  b = 10log(I/I₀) where I₀ = 10^-12Wm^-2

  I = I₀e^-mx

  x_1/2 = ln 2/m

Mechanical Advantage = load / effort

Velocity Ratio = distance moved by effort / distance moved by load

Absorbed dose = Absorbed energy / mass

Exposure = total charge / mass

Dose equivalent = quality factor X Absorbed dose

1/T_E = (1/T_B) + (1/T_R)

  Option E  The history and development of physics

Any formulas required will be found in the core topics

  1/l = R_H((1/n²) - (1/m²))

  DxDp > h/2p

  DEDt > h/2p

Any other formulas required will be found in the AHL topics

  Option F  Astrophysics

  L = sAT⁴

  l_max (metres) = (2.90 X 10^-3)/T (Kelvin)

  d (parsec) = 1/p (arc-second)

  b = L/(4pd²)

     v = Hd

     Dl/l = v/c 

  Option G Relativity

      g = 1/Ö(1 - (v²/c²))

     Dt = gDt₀

  L = L₀/g

  u'_x = (u_x - v)/(1 - (u_xv/c²))

  m = gm₀

  E₀ = m₀c²

  E = mc²

  p = gm₀u

  E² = p²c² + m₀²c⁴

     Df/f = gDh/c²

  R_Sch = 2GM/c²

  Option  H   Optics

  n₁sinq₁ = n₂sinq₂

  n = 1/sinq_c

  1/f = 1/u + 1/v

  m = h_i/h_o = v/u

  M = q_i/q_o

     q = l/b

     q = 1.22(l/b)

  dsinq = nl