== Problems == ===1. What force is needed to accelerate a child on a sled (total mass = 60.0 kg) at 1.15 m/s/s?=== :Assuming there is no friction, the any force we exert horizontally will be unbalanced, and so: :F = ma :F = (60.0 kg)(1.15 m/s/s) = 69 N [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===2.=== [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===3. How much force is required to accelerate a 9.0-g object at 10,000 "g's" (say in a centrifuge)?=== :They give us m = 9.0 g = 9.0 x 10-3 kg, and a = 10,000 "g's" = 98000 m/s/s so: :F = ma = (9.0 x 10-3 kg)(98000 m/s/s) = 882 N = 880 N [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===4. === [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===5. What is the weight of a 66-kg astronaut (a) on Earth, (b) on the moon (g = 1.7 m/sē), (c) on Mars (g = 3.7 m/sē), (d) in outer space traveling at constant velocity?=== :Weight (the force of gravity that causes the gravitational acceleration must equal ma because of Newton's second law: :on earth F = ma = (66 kg)(9.80 m/s/s) = 646.8 N = 650 N :on moon F = ma = (66 kg)(1.7 m/s/s) = 112.2 N = 110 N :on mars F = ma = (66 kg)(3.7 m/s/s) = 244.2 N = 240 N :At a constant velocity in space: F = ma = (66 kg)(0) = 0 N = 0 N :(Since the velocity is constant, there is no acceleration so they are weightless) [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===6. === [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===7. What average force is required to stop an 1100-kg car in 8.0 s if it is traveling at 90 km/h?=== :First, notice that the initial velocity is given in km/hr, so let's first change that to m/s by dividing by 3.6: ::90 km/hr/3.6 = 25 m/s :We have a cute linear kinematics problem to solve: :s = don't care :u = 90 km/hr/3.6 = 25 m/s :v = 0 :a = ??? :t = 8.0 s :Use v = u + at to find a: :v = u + at :0 = 25 m/s + a(8.0 s) :a = -3.125 m/s/s :so now we can use Newton's second law :F = ma = (1100 kg)(-3.125 m/s/s) = -3437.5 N = -3400 N [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===8. === [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===9. A fisherman yanks a fish out of the water with an acceleration of 4.5 m/s2 using very light fishing line that has a "test" value of 22 N. The fisherman unfortunately loses the fish as the line snaps. What can you say about the mass of the fish? === :The weight of the fish is F = ma = mg down (-) and there is a possible force of 22 N up (+), so our expression of Newton's second law looks like this (up is +) The acceleration of 4.5 m/s/s is also positive because it is up: :<22 N - mg> = m(+4.5 m/s/s) :<22 - 9.8m> = m(4.5) :22 = 9.8m + 4.5m = 14.3m :m = 22/14.3 = 1.538 kg = 1.5 kg [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===10. === [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===11. What is the average force exerted by a shot-putter on 7.0-kg shot if the shot is moved through a distance of 2.8 m and is released with a speed of 13 m/s? === :We have a cute linear kinematics problem to solve first: :s = 2.8 m :u = 0 (assumed) :v = 13 m/s :a = ??? :t = Don't care :Use v2 = u2 + 2as, a = 30.1786 m/s/s :F = ma = (7.0 kg)(30.1786 m/s/s) = 211.25 = 210 N [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===12. === [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===13. A 10-kg bucket is lowered by a rope in which there is 63 N of tension. What is the acceleration of the bucket? Is it up or down? === :First calculate the weight: :F = ma = (10 kg)(9.80 m/s/s) = 98 N :Now you have a force of 98 N down (-) and a force of 63 N up (+) and our F = ma looks like this if we make up positive: :<63 N - 98 N> = (10 kg) a :a = -3.5 m/s/s (down) [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===14. === [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===15. A 75-kg petty thief wants to escape from a third-story jail window, Unfortunately, a makeshift rope made of sheets tied together can support a mass of only 58 kg. How might the thief use this "rope" to escape? Give quantitative answer.=== :If it can support a mass of 58 kg, the breaking force is the weight of 58 kg or (58 kg)(9.80 N/kg) = 568.4 N. This would be the maximum upward force the sheets could supply. :Mr. thief could accelerate downward at a constant rate, thereby reducing the tension in the sheets to this value. So the thief would have 568.4 N of force upward (+), and his own weight (75 kg)(9.80N/kg) = 735 N down (-) and our F = ma looks like: :<568.4 N - 735 N> = (75 kg)a :a = -2.2213 m/s/s = -2.2 m/s/s. By accelerating downwards at 2.2 m/s/s [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===16. === [[#top | Table of Contents]] ---- ===17. The cable supporting a 2100-kg elevator has a maximum strength of 21,750 N. What maximum upward acceleration can it gave the elevator without breaking? === :First calculate the weight: :F = ma = (2100 kg)(9.80 m/s/s) = 20580 N :Now you have a force of 20580 N down (-) and a force of 21750 N up (+) and our F = ma looks like this if we make up positive: :<21750 N - 20580 N> = (2100 kg) a :a = +.557 m/s/s = +.56 m/s/s upward [[#top | Table of Contents]] ----